Family planning

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Combined oral contraceptives. Introduced in 1960, "the Pill" has played an instrumental role in family planning for decades.

Family planning is the planning of when to have children,^[1] and the use of birth control^[2]^[3] and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education,^[3]^[4] prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections,^[3] pre-conception counseling^[3] and management, and infertility management.^[2]

Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of birth control, though it often includes more. It is most usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children). Family planning may encompass sterilization, as well as pregnancy termination.^[5]

Family planning services are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved."^[4]

1 Purposes
- 1.1 Health
- 1.2 Finances
2 Policy
3 See also
- 3.1 Organizations
4 References

[edit] Purposes

Raising a child requires significant amounts of resources: time,^[6] social, financial^[7], environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available.

[edit] Health

See also: Maternal health and teenage pregnancy

Waiting until the mother is at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health.^[8] Also, if additional children are desired after a child is born, it is healthier for the mother and the child to wait at least 2 years after the previous birth before attempting to conceive (but not more than 5 years).^[8] After a miscarriage or abortion, it is healthier to wait at least 6 months.^[8]

[edit] Finances

Childbirth and prenatal health care cost averaged $7,090 for normal delivery in the US in 1996.^[9] US Department of Agriculture estimates that for a child born in 2007, a US family will spend an average of $11,000 to $23,000 per year for the first 17 years of child's life.^[6] (Total inflation adjusted estimated expenditure: $196,000 to $393,000, depending on household income.)^[6]

[edit] Policy

A family planning facility in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.

The world's largest international source of funding for population and reproductive health programs is the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The main goals of the International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action are:

Universal access to reproductive health services by 2015
Universal primary education and closing the gender gap in education by 2015
Reducing maternal mortality by 75% by 2015
Reducing infant mortality
Increasing life expectancy
Reducing HIV infection rates in persons aged 15'24 years by 25% in the most-affected countries by 2005, and by 25% globally by 2010

The World health organization (WHO) and World Bank estimate that $3.00 per person per year would provide basic family planning, maternal and neonatal health care to women in developing countries. This would include contraception, prenatal, delivery and post-natal care in addition to postpartum family planning and the promotion of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections.^[10]

[edit] China

Main article: One-child policy

China's one-child policy encourages couples to have no more than one child. China's population policy has been credited with a very significant slowing of China's population growth which had been very high before the policy was implemented. It has come under criticism that the implementation of the policy has involved forced abortions and forced sterilization. However, while the punishment of "unplanned" pregnancy is a fine, both forced abortion and forced sterilization can be charged with intentional assault, which is punished with up to 10 years' imprisonment.

[edit] Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the Two is Enough campaign in 1970s encouraged people to have 2 or less children in each family, it contributed to the reduced birth rate in the following decades.

Main article: The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong

See also: Two-child policy

In Hong Kong, the Eugenics League was found in 1936, which became The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong in 1950.^[11] The organisation provides family planning advice, sex education, birth control services to the general public of Hong Kong. In the 1970s, due to the rapidly rising population, it launched the "Two is Enough" campaign,^[11] which reduced the general birth rate through educational means.

The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong's national family planning association,^[12] founded the International Planned Parenthood Federation with its counterparts in seven other countries.^[12]

[edit] Iran

Main article: Family planning in Iran

Iran is another country which has succeeded in sharply reducing its birth rate in recent years.

[edit] United States

[edit] India

Main article: Family planning in India

The Indian government has come up with measures to control population and increase awareness of the benefits of reducing population growth, which include better lifestyle, education, environment, health and well being of every individual. Despite these attempts, couples^[who?] cite the need for company for their child.^{[citation needed]} Couples^[who?] feel that they can afford more than one child. Awareness campaigns include "We two, our's one", "Girl or Boy, let there just be one child".^{[citation needed]} There is also still the mistrust of family planning policies due to the forced sterilizations that took place during The Emergency.

[edit] See also

Sustainable development portal

Family
Life planning
natalism and antinatalism
Parental leave
POPLINE: World's largest reproductive health database, part of The INFO Project
Sex selection
Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population

[edit] Organizations

International

National

[edit] References

^ "Mission Statement". US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of Population Affairs. http://www.hhs.gov/opa/about/mission/index.html.
^ ^a ^b Family planning - WHO
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d What services do family planning clinics provide? - Health Questions - NHS Direct
^ ^a ^b US Dept. of Health, Administration for children and families
^ See, e.g., Mischell DR. "Family planning: contraception, sterilization, and pregnancy termination." In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap 14.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Expenditures on Children by Families, 2007; Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528-2007". United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm.
^ MsMoney.com - Marriage, Kids & College - Family Planning
^ ^a ^b ^c "Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy: HTSP Messages". USAID. http://www.esdproj.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Themes_Spacing_KeyMessages. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
^ Mushinski, M. (1998). "Average charges for uncomplicated vaginal, cesarean and VBAC deliveries: Regional variations, United States, 1996.". Statistical Bulletin 79 (3): 17'28. PMID 9691358.
^ "Promises to Keep: The Toll of Unintended Pregnancies on Women's Lives in the Developing World". http://www.globalhealth.org/news/article/2319. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
^ ^a ^b History of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong
^ ^a ^b History of International Planned Parenthood Federation
^ US Office of Population Affairs - Legislation
^ Sonfield A, Alrich C and Gold RB, Public funding for family planning, sterilization and abortion services, FY 1980'2006, Occasional Report, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2008, No. 38. http://guttmacher.org/pubs/2008/01/28/or38.pdf

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Rights	Reproductive rights (Contraceptive security – Genital integrity)

Education	Sex education – Pre-conception counseling – Genetic counseling

Planning	Reproductive life plan – Childfree – Parenting (Childbirth, Adoption, Foster care)

Implement	Birth control – Safe sex

Health	Men's – Women's (Vulvovaginal)

Pregnancy	Maternal health – Obstetrics – Prenatal care – Pregnant patients' rights – Unintended pregnancy – Pregnancy options counseling – Abortion – Teenage pregnancy

Medicine	Andrology – Gynaecology – Obstetrics and gynaecology – Reproductive endocrinology and infertility – Genitourinary medicine

Disorder	Sexual dysfunction – Infertility (Assisted reproductive technology) – Reproductive system disease – Sexually transmitted disease (clinic, test)

Related navboxes	{{Birth control methods}} – {{Pregnancy}} – {{Sex}} – {{sexual abuse}} – {{STD/STI}} – {{Assisted reproductive technology}}

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