Health science

"Biomedical science" redirects here. For other uses, see Branches of medicine.

Health science or biomedical science is the applied science dealing with health.

There are two approaches to health science: the study and research of the food that we eat; and the study and research of health-related issues to understand how humans and other animals function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases.

Health research builds upon the natural sciences of biology, chemistry, and physics as well as a variety of multidisciplinary fields. Some of the other primarily research-oriented fields that make contributions to health science are biochemistry, epidemiology, genetics, and pharmacology (for a more comprehensive list, see List of health science disciplines).

A myriad of applied health specializations and professions also endeavor to better understand health, but in addition they try to directly improve the health of individuals and of people in general, as well as of other animals (see veterinary medicine). Some of these are: biomedical engineering, biotechnology, clinical laboratory science, medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, public health, psychology, and physical therapy. The provision of services to improve people's health is referred to as health care.

The health sciences industry, a multi-billion dollar business sector, is a cross-section of the life sciences and the health care and medical diagnostics industries.

1 Acquisition of health-related knowledge
2 Application of health-related knowledge (health care)
- 2.1 Health practices
  - 2.1.1 Conventional Western practices
    - 2.1.1.1 Historical western
  - 2.1.2 Complementary and alternative medicine
- 2.2 Contemporary themes
3 History of health science
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Acquisition of health-related knowledge

Main articles: Life science and Biomedical research

Medical research is basic and applied research conducted to improve the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials, or to develop new treatments (referred to as preclinical research) or to better scale up health care interventions and improve health systems (e.g. health systems research and evidence based health care).

The increased longevity of humans over the past century is due in large part to medical research. Among the major advancements in medicine have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the human genome project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance, the obesity epidemic, and notably, the paucity of knowledge on how to better organize health care delivery.

[edit] Application of health-related knowledge (health care)

Main article: Health care

Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organization, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including 'preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations'.^[1] The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organization such as the National Health Service in the UK, or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in shared care.

There is a wide range of traditional areas of health care. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, pharmacy, dentistry, clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics), and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, orthoptic care, speech, and respiratory).

Like health science in general, health care includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons.

There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage.

Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science.

Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics) is also a major field of health sciences.

Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal-originated food (such as milk and meat) and animal husbandry.

[edit] Health practices

[edit] Contemporary themes

Because health science deals with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient's right to privacy and his/her right to be involved in treatment and decision-making. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science. Evidence based health care focuses on integrating research evidence with context and values to better guide policies and practice. An example of initiatives that take this approach to improve public health policy is the Evidence Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet) of the World Health Organization.

[edit] History of health science

Main articles: History of biology and History of medicine

The foundations for the Health Sciences fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support.

[edit] See also

Main article: Outline of health science

[edit] References

^ World Heath Organization Report. (2000). Why do health systems matter?. WHO.

[edit] External links

Health care

Economics – Industry – Philosophy – Policy – Providers – Ranking – Reform – System

Health sciences

Medicine – Dentistry – Nursing – Allied health professions

Settings

Assisted living – Clinic – Hospital – Nursing home

Care types

Self – Total – Palliative – Hospice

Skills/procedures

Incident report – Isolation – Report – Universal precautions

Equipment

Basic	Hospital bed – Nurse call button

Diagnostic	Vital signs: Blood pressure cuff – Stethoscope – Thermometer Other: Ophthalmoscope – Otoscope

Medication	Needle – Pill organizer – Syringe

Toileting	Adult diaper – Bedpan – Foley catheter – Incontinence pad – Urinal

Restraint	Cage bed – Chemical restraint – Limb restraint – Locking clothing – Posey vest – Straitjacket

Mobility devices	Cane – Crutch – Patient lift – Sling lift – Walker – Wheelchair – Motorized wheelchair

v ' d ' e Technology

Applied science	Archaeology – Artificial intelligence – Ceramic engineering – Computing – Electronics – Energy – Energy storage – Engineering geology – Engineering physics – Environmental Engineering Science – Environmental technology – Fisheries science – Materials science and engineering – Microtechnology – Nanotechnology – Nuclear technology – Optics – Particle physics – Zoography

Information	Communication – Graphics – Information technology – Music – Speech recognition – Systematics – Visual technology

Industry	Business informatics – Construction – Financial engineering – Fishing – Industrial technology – Machinery – Manufacturing – Mining

Military	Military technology – Military technology and equipment – Ammunition – Bombs – Military engineering – Weapons engineering – Military communications – Army engineering maintenance

Domestic	Educational technology – Domestic appliances – Domestic technology – Food technology

Engineering	Aerospace – Agricultural – Architectural – Audio – Automotive – Biochemical – Biological – Biomechatronics – Biomedical – BioTech – Broadcast – Building officials – Ceramic – Chemical – Civil – Computer – Construction – Control – Cryogenics – Electrical – Electronic – Engineering Management – Engineering technology – Enterprise – Entertainment – Environmental – Food – Genetic – Hydraulics – Industrial – Management – Materials – Mechanical – Mechatronics – Metallurgical – Mining – Naval – Network – Nuclear – Ocean – Ontology – Optical – Petroleum – Protein – Radio Frequency – Software – Structural – Systems – Technician – Telecommunications – Textile – Tissue – Traffic – Transport

Health / safety	Bioinformatics – Biomedical – Biotechnology – Cheminformatics – Fire protection engineering – Health technologies – Medical technology – Nutrition – Pharmaceuticals – Safety engineering – Sanitary engineering

Transport	Aerospace – Aerospace engineering – Automotive engineering – Marine engineering – Motor vehicles – Naval engineering – Space technology

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Health science

Contents

[edit] Acquisition of health-related knowledge

[edit] Application of health-related knowledge (health care)

[edit] Health practices

[edit] Conventional Western practices

[edit] Historical western

[edit] Complementary and alternative medicine

[edit] Contemporary themes

[edit] History of health science

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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