Public history is a term that describes the broad range of activities undertaken by people with some training in the discipline of history who are generally working outside of specialized academic settings. Public history practice has quite deep roots in the areas of historic preservation, archival science, oral history, museum curatorship, and other related fields. The term itself began to be used in the U.S. and Canada in the late 1970s, and the field has become increasingly professionalized since that time. Some of the most common settings for public history are museums, historic homes and historic sites, parks, battlefields, archives, film and television companies, and all levels of government.

[edit] Definition

Because it incorporates a wide range of practices and takes place in many different settings, public history has always proven rather resistant to being precisely defined. Three key elements often emerge from the discourse of those who identify themselves as public historians:

• use of the methods of the historical discipline
• an emphasis on the usefulness of historical knowledge in some way that goes beyond purely academic or antiquarian purposes
• an emphasis on professional training and practice

These three elements come across in the 1989 mission statement of the U.S.-based National Council on Public History: "To promote the utility of history in social through professional practice.".^[1] They are also present in a definition drafted by the NCPH board in 2007, stating, "Public history is a movement, methodology, and approach that promotes the collaborative study and practice of history; its practitioners embrace a mission to make their special insights accessible and useful to the public." However, this draft definition prompted some challenges on the H-Public listserv from people in the field,^[2] who raised questions about whether public history is solely an endeavor by professional or trained historians. Others have pointed out that the existence of many "publics" for public history complicates the task of definition. For example, historian Peter Novick has questioned whether much of what is termed public history should actually be called private history (for example, the creation of corporate histories or archives) or popular history (for example, research or exhibits conducted outside the norms of the historical discipline).^[3] Cathy Stanton has also identified a more radical element in North American public history but has asked: 'how much room is there for the progressive component in the public history movement?'^[4] Hilda Kean and Paul Ashton have also discussed the differences in public history in Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the U.S., arguing against 'a rigid demarkation between "historians" and "their publics"'.^[5] A 2008 survey of almost 4,000 practitioners predominantly in the U.S. showed that a substantial proportion (almost one quarter of respondents) expressed some reservations about the term and whether it applied to their own work.^[6]

In general, those who embrace the term public historian accept that the boundaries of the field are somewhat porous and that its definition remains a work in progress, subject to continual reevaluation of practitioners' relationships with different audiences, goals, and political, economic, or cultural settings.

[edit] Related fields

As its definition implies, public history is an umbrella term that can refer to a wide variety of professional and academic fields. Some of these include:

• Archival science
• Cultural Heritage Management
• Digital History
• Heritage Interpretation
• Historic Preservation
• Historical archaeology
• Museology
• Oral History

[edit] History

Public history has many antecedents. These include history museums, historical societies, public and private archives and collections, hereditary and memorial associations, preservation organizations, historical and heritage projects and offices within government agencies, and depictions of history in popular culture of all kinds (for example, historical fiction). Ludmilla Jordanova has also observed that 'the state... lies at the heart of public history', linking public history to the rise of the nation state.^[7] (English Theologian William Paley declared in 1794 that 'public history' was a 'register of the successes and disappointments... and the quarrels of those who engage in contentions [for] power'.)^[8] In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a distinct historical discipline formed within Western universities, and this had the effect of gradually separating scholars who practiced history professionally from amateur or public practitioners.^[9] While there continued to be trained historians working in public settings, there was a general retreat from public engagement among professional historians by the middle decades of the twentieth century.^[10]

During the 1970s, a number of political, economic, social, and historiographical developments worked to reverse this trend, converging to produce a new field that explicitly identified itself as 'public history'. The social justice movements of the 1960s and 1970s had sparked an interest in the histories of non-dominant people and groups'for example, women, working-class people, ethnic and racial minorities'rather than the 'great men' who had traditionally been the focus of many historical narratives. In Britain, this emerged through the History Workshop Movement. Many historians embraced social history as a subject, and some were eager to become involved in public projects as a way of using their scholarship in activist or public-oriented ways.^[11] In the U.S., a severe shortage of academic jobs for historians led many to consider careers outside the academy.^[12] At the same time, publicly-funded efforts were underway in many Western countries, ranging from national celebrations like the United States Bicentennial to multiculturalist projects in Australia and Canada, paralleled by widespread public interest in genealogy, the tracing of folk and family 'roots', and other history-related activities. In the wake of deindustrialization in many industrial places, governments also supported regeneration or revitalization projects that increasingly included the use of local history and culture as an attraction or a basis for 're-branding' a depressed area.^[13] Out of necessity, inclination, or both, a growing number of people with graduate training in history found employment in these kinds of non-academic settings. Public policy decisions like the passage of the U.S. National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the Canadian government's addition of 'historical researcher' as a civil service category in the 1970s,^[14] along with the rise of cultural tourism and the increasing professionalization of many museums and historical societies, have spurred the growth of the field.

In the U.S., the birth of the public history field can be traced to the University of California, Santa Barbara, where Robert Kelley, a member of the history faculty, obtained a Rockefeller Foundation grant in 1976 to create a graduate program to train young historians for public and private sector careers.^[15] Kelley drew on his own extensive experience as a consultant and legal witness in water litigation cases in conceiving the idea of 'public history' as a field in its own right. Conferences in Scottsdale, Arizona in 1978 and Montecito, California in 1979 helped to catalyze the new field. The launch of a professional journal, The Public Historian, in 1978, and the founding of the National Council on Public History in 1979 further served to give public-minded historians in the academy and isolated practitioners outside of it a sense that they shared a set of missions, experiences, and methods.

Public history in Canada has followed a similar trajectory in many ways, including the experience of an academic 'jobs crisis' in the 1970s and the importance of government as a source of employment for public historians.^[16] In 1983, the University of Waterloo created a Master's program in Public History (now defunct), followed by The University of Western Ontario in 1986, and Carleton University in 2002. Also as in the U.S., Canadian public funding for history and heritage projects has shrunk in the past two decades, with public historians increasingly accountable to funders for the effectiveness of their work.^[17] Public history also exists as an identifiable field in Australia^[18] and to a lesser extent in Europe^[19][20] and other places. As in the U.S. and Canada, there are many public projects involving historians and the interpretation of history that do not necessarily claim the specific label 'public history.'

Public history continues to develop and define itself. There are currently many graduate and undergraduate public history programs in the U.S., Canada, and other countries (see list and links below). The field has a natural synergy with digital history, with its emphasis on access and broad participation in the creation of historical knowledge. In recent years there has been a growing body of public historical scholarship, including works recognized by the annual NCPH Book Award. In several countries, studies have been conducted to explore how people understand and engage with the past, deepening public historians' sense of how their own work can best connect with their audiences.^[21] While high-profile 'history wars' have taken place over public exhibits and interpretations of history in many places in recent years (for example, Australia's ongoing debate over the history of colonisation and indigenous peoples, the furor overJack Granatstein's 1998 book 'Who Killed Canadian History?', or the 1994 controversy over the National Museum of American History's planned exhibit on the Enola Gay bomber), public historians tend to welcome these as opportunities to participate in vigorous public discussions over the meanings of the past and how those meanings are arrived at.

[edit] Examples

A list of the recipients of the National Council on Public History's Robert Kelley Memorial Award, which 'honors distinguished and outstanding achievements by individuals, institutions, non-profit or corporate entities for having made significant inroads in making history relevant to individual lives of ordinary people outside of academia,'^[22] reflects the breadth of the field and the mix of scholarly, governmental, and popular projects that characterize it:

• 2008 - Alan S. Newell, Historical Research Associates, Inc.
• 2006 - Dwight T. Pitcaithley, National Park Service
• 2004 - The Government and Citizens of the Tr'ondek Hwech'in, First Native Peoples of the Klondike
• 2002 - The University of South Carolina Public History Program
• 2001 - Debra Bernhardt, Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University
• 1999 - Otis L.Graham Jr., University of North Carolina, Wilmington
• 1998 - The American Social History Project
• 1997 - Page Putnam Miller, Coordinating Committee for the Promotion of History (now the National Coalition for History)

[edit] Resources

• H-Public listserv
• National Council on Public History
• Canada's National History Society
• Public History Group, Canadian Historical Association
• Public History Resource Center
• Careers in Public History at American Historical Association
• California Council for the Promotion of History [1]

[edit] University programs

For an extensive listing of undergraduate and graduate programs in public history in the U.S., Canada, and elsewhere, visit the National Council on Public History website. Also see:

• MA Public History, Department of History, Royal Holloway, University of London
• MA in Public History, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdcohes, Texas
• MA & PhD in Public History, University of California, Santa Barbara; also has joint PhD program in Public History with California State University, Sacramento
• MA in Public History, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
• MA in Public History, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
• MA in Public History, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States
• MA in Public History, The University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
• MA in Public History, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
• MA in Public History & Joint PhD in American History/Public History, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
• MA in History with Concentration in Public History, American University, Washington, D.C., United States

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] Bibliography

• Andrew Hurley. Beyond Preservation: Using Public History to Revitalize Inner Cities (Temple University Press; 2010) 248 pages; focus on successful projects in St. Louis and other cities.
• What is Public History? from the NCPH
• Reflections on an Idea: NCPH's First Decade by Barbara J. Howe, Chair's Annual Address, The Public Historian, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer 1989), pp. 69'85
• Public History in Canada. Special Issue, The Public Historian, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter 2009).