In petroleum geology, source rock refers to rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or are capable of being generated. They form one of the necessary elements of a working petroleum system. They are organic-rich sediments that may have been deposited in a variety of environments including deep water marine, lacustrine and deltaic. Oil shale can be regarded as an organic-rich but immature source rock from which little or no oil has been generated and expelled.

[edit] Types of source rock

Source rocks are classified from the types of kerogen that they contain, which in turn governs the type of hydrocarbons that will be generated.

• Type 1 source rocks are formed from algal remains deposited under anoxic conditions in deep lakes: they tend to generate waxy crude oils when submitted to thermal stress during deep burial
• Type 2 source rocks are formed from marine planktonic remains preserved under anoxic conditions in marine environments: they produce both oil and gas when thermally cracked during deep burial.
• Type 3 source rocks are formed from terrestrial plant material that has been decomposed by bacteria and fungi under oxic or sub-oxic conditions: they tend to generate mostly gas with associated light oils when thermally cracked during deep burial. Most coals and coaly shales are generally Type 3 source rocks.

[edit] Maturation and expulsion

With increasing burial by later sediments and increase in temperature, the kerogen within the rock begins to break down. This thermal degradation or cracking releases shorter chain hydrocarbons from the original large and complex molecules found in the kerogen.

The hydrocarbons generated from the source rock are expelled, along with other pore fluids, due to the continuing effects of compaction and start moving upwards towards the surface, a process known as migration.

[edit] Mapping source rocks in sedimentary basins

Areas underlain by thermally mature generative source rocks in a sedimentary basin are called "generative basins or depressions" or else "hydrocarbon kitchens". Mapping those regional oil and gas generative "hydrocarbon kitchens" is feasible by integrating the existing source rock data into seismic depth maps that structurally follow the source horizon(s). It has been statistically observed at a world scale (Demaison,1984) that zones of high success ratios in finding oil and gas generally correlate in most basin types (such as intracratonic or rift basins) with the mapped "generative depressions". Cases of long distance oil migration into shallow traps away from the "generative depressions" are usually found in foreland basins.

Besides pointing to zones of high petroleum potential within a sedimentary basin, subsurface mapping of a source rock's degree of thermal maturity is also the basic tool to identify and broadly delineate shale gas plays.

[edit] World class source rock

Certain source rocks are referred to as 'world class', meaning that they are not only of very high quality but are also thick and of wide geographical distribution. Examples include:

• Uppermost Devonian to lower Mississipian widespread marine anoxic oil and gas source beds in the Mid-Continent of the USA (e.g. the Bakken shale of the Williston Basin and the Antrim Shale of the Michigan Basin).
• Kimmeridge clay - This upper Jurassic marine mudstone or its stratigraphic equivalents generated most of the oil found in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea ^[1]
• La Luna shale - This Turonian formation generated most of the oil in Venezuela ^[2]
• Late Carboniferous coals - Coals of this age generated most of the gas in the southern North Sea, the Netherlands Basin and the northwest German Basin^[3]
• Hanifa & Tuwaiq Mountain formations - These middle and upper Jurassic shales source the oil in the huge Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia^[4]

[edit] See also

Basin modelling

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Gerard Demaison: "The Generative Basin Concept" in: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Memoir #35 : "Petroleum Geochemistry and Basin Evaluation", 1984 , Edited by Gerard Demaison and Roelof J. Murris, ISBN:0-89181-312-8